Manual de-tokenization of a GW-BASIC program from a hexdump of memory
---------------------------------------------------------------------
All offsets relative to GW-BASIC's data segment and may vary from one version
to the next.
Pointer in GW-BASIC's work area:
04A4: 6D 12 ..S.m...........
===== (The address, 04A4 may vary in other versions
of GW-BASIC. This holds the address of the
currently-loaded GW-BASIC program.)
The GW-BASIC program in memory:
126D: 00 ................
00 -- A dummy end-of-line marker for the non-existant program
line assumed, when interpteing starts, to be the line that
precedes the current (first) program line. Effectively
a "GOTO 1000" with a line-pointer, "89 20 0D 6D 12" is
executed to start the program.
126E: 8E 12 ................
1270: E8 03 3A 8F D9 20 20 53 54 41 52 54 20 4F 46 3A ..:.. START OF:
1280: 20 64 65 6D 6F 74 65 73 74 2E 6E 62 73 00 demotest.nbs.
8E 12 -- 128E, the offset of the next line.
E8 03 -- 03E8 hex., 1000 decimal, the current line number.
3A 8F D9 -- ' tokenised as ":REM'"
20 20 ... 62 73 -- The remark, " START OF: demotest.nbs"
00 -- the end of the line.
Program line:
1000 ' START OF: demotest.nbs
128E: AB 12 ..
1290: ED 03 3A 8F D9 20 77 68 69 6C 65 20 69 74 20 69 ..:.. while it i
12A0: 73 20 72 75 6E 6E 69 6E 67 2E 00 s running.......
AB 12 -- 12AB, the offset of the next line.
ED 03 -- 03ED hexadecimal, 1005, the current line number.
3A 8F D9 -- ' tokenised as ":REM'"
20 77 ... 67 2E -- The remark, " while it is running."
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1005 ' while it is running.
12AB: FC 12 F2 03 89 s running.......
12B0: 20 0D 49 16 20 3A 8F D9 20 74 6F 20 65 78 65 63 .I. :.. to exec
12C0: 75 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 47 4F 54 4F 20 61 6E 64 ute the GOTO and
12D0: 20 66 6F 72 63 65 20 74 68 65 20 6C 69 6E 65 20 force the line
12E0: 6E 75 6D 62 65 72 20 74 6F 20 62 65 20 61 20 6C number to be a l
12F0: 69 6E 65 20 70 6F 69 6E 74 65 72 00 ine pointer.....
FC 12 -- 12FC, the offset of the next line.
F2 03 -- 03F2 hexadecimal, 1010, the current line number.
89 -- GOTO
20 -- <space>
0D 49 16 -- a line-pointer to line 9000
20 -- <space>
3A 8F D9 -- ' tokenised as ":REM'"
20 74 ... 65 72 -- The remark, " to execute the GOTO and force
the line number to be a line pointer"
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1010 GOTO 9000 ' to execute the GOTO and force the line number to be a line pointer
12FC: 19 13 F7 03 ine pointer.....
1300: 86 20 42 59 54 45 24 5B 0F 10 5D 2C 48 42 59 54 . BYTE$[..],HBYT
1310: 45 53 24 5B 1C 00 01 5D 00 ES$[...].:...HEX
19 13 -- 1319, the offset of the next line.
F7 03 -- 03F7 hexadecimal, 1015, the current line number.
86 -- DIM
20 -- <space>
42 59 54 45 24 5B -- BYTE$[
0F 10 -- the one-byte integer 16 decimal
5D 2C 48 42 59 54 45 53 24 5B -- ],HBYTES$[
1C 00 01 -- the two-byte integer 256 (0100 hexadecimal)
5D -- ]
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1015 DIM BYTE$[16],HBYTES$[256]
1319: 3A 13 FC 03 48 45 58 ES$[...].:...HEX
1320: 43 48 41 52 53 24 E7 22 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 CHARS$."01234567
1330: 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 22 00 89ABCDEF".K....
3A 13 -- 133A, the offset of the next line.
FC 03 -- 03FC hexadecimal, 1020, the current line number.
48 45 58 43 48 41 52 53 24 -- HEXCHARS$
E7 -- =
22 30 ... 46 22 -- "0123456789ABCDEF"
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1020 HEXCHARS$="0123456789ABCDEF"
133A: 4B 13 01 04 82 20 89ABCDEF".K....
1340: 49 20 E7 20 12 20 CC 20 0F 10 00 I . . . ..._...
4B 13 -- 134B, the offset of the next line.
01 04 -- 0401 hexadecimal, 1025, the current line number.
82 -- FOR
20 -- <space>
49 -- I
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
20 -- <space>
CC -- TO
20 -- <space>
0F 10 -- the one-byte integer 16 decimal
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1025 FOR I = 1 TO 16
134B: 5F 13 06 04 20 I . . . ..._...
1350: 20 20 82 20 4A 20 E7 20 12 20 CC 20 0F 10 00 . J . . . ....
5F 13 -- 135F, the offset of the next line.
06 04 -- 0406 hexadecimal, 1030, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
82 -- FOR
20 -- <space>
4A -- J
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
20 -- <space>
CC -- TO
20 -- <space>
0F 10 -- the one-byte integer 16 decimal
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1030 FOR J = 1 TO 16
135F: A7 . J . . . ....
1360: 13 0B 04 20 20 20 20 20 20 48 42 59 54 45 53 24 ... HBYTES$
1370: 5B 0F 10 EB 28 49 EA 12 29 E9 4A EA 12 5D 20 E7 [...(I..).J..] .
1380: 20 FF 83 28 48 45 58 43 48 41 52 53 24 2C 49 2C ..(HEXCHARS$,I,
1390: 12 29 20 E9 20 FF 83 28 48 45 58 43 48 41 52 53 .) . ..(HEXCHARS
13A0: 24 2C 4A 2C 12 29 00 $,J,.)..... .
A7 13 -- 13A7, the offset of the next line.
0B 04 -- 040B hexadecimal, 1035, the current line number.
20 20 20 20 20 20 -- six <spaces>
48 42 59 54 45 53 24 5B -- HBYTES$[
0F 10 -- the one-byte integer 16 decimal
EB -- *
28 49 -- (I
EA -- -
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
29 -- )
E9 -- +
4A -- J
EA -- -
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
5D -- ]
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
FF83 -- MID$
28 48 45 58 43 48 41 52 53 24 2C 49 2C -- (HEXCHARS$,I,
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
29 -- )
20 -- <space>
E9 -- +
20 -- <space>
FF 83 -- MID$
28 48 45 58 43 48 41 52 53 24 2C 4A 2C -- (HEXCHARS$,J,
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
29 -- )
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1035 HBYTES$[16*(I-1)+J-1] = MID$(HEXCHARS$,I,1) + MID$(HEXCHARS$,J,1)
13A7: B2 13 10 04 20 20 20 83 20 $,J,.)..... .
13B0: 4A 00 J...... I......
B2 13 -- 13B2, the offset of the next line.
10 04 -- 0410 hexadecimal, 1040, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
83 -- NEXT
20 -- <space>
4A -- J
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1040 NEXT J
13B2: BA 13 15 04 83 20 49 00 J...... I......
BA 13 -- 13BA, the offset of the next line.
15 04 -- 0415 hexadecimal, 1045, the current line number.
83 -- NEXT
20 -- <space>
49 -- I
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1045 NEXT I
13BA: D6 13 1A 04 BA 20 J...... I......
13C0: 22 4F 22 2C 23 12 2C 22 64 65 6D 6F 64 75 6D 70 "O",#.,"demodump
13D0: 2E 74 78 74 22 00 .txt"...... SEG.
D6 13 -- 13D6, the offset of the next line.
1A 04 -- 041A hexadecimal, 1050, the current line number.
BA -- OPEN
20 -- <space>
22 4F 22 2C 23 -- "O",#
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
2C 22 64 65 6D 6F 64 75 6D 70 2E 74 78 74 22 -- ,"demodump.txt"
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1050 OPEN "O",#1,"demodump.txt"
13D6: E0 13 1F 04 97 20 53 45 47 00 .txt"...... SEG.
E0 13 -- 13E0, the offset of the next line.
1F 04 -- 041F hexadecimal, 1055, the current line number.
97 -- DEF
20 -- <space>
53 45 47 -- SEG
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1055 DEF SEG
13E0: F9 13 24 04 3A 8F D9 73 74 61 72 74 20 74 68 65 ..$.:..start the
13F0: 20 64 75 6D 70 69 6E 67 00 dumping.0.).. O
F9 13 -- 13F9, the offset of the next line.
24 04 -- 0424 hexadecimal, 1060, the current line number.
3A 8F D9 -- ' tokenised as ":REM'"
73 74 ... 6E 67 -- start the dumping
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1060 'start the dumping
13F9: 30 14 29 04 82 20 4F dumping.0.).. O
1400: 46 46 53 45 54 20 E7 20 11 20 CC 20 1D 00 F0 7F FFSET . . . ....
1410: 90 20 CF 20 0F 10 20 3A 8F D9 20 68 65 78 20 30 . . .. :.. hex 0
1420: 30 30 30 20 74 6F 20 68 65 78 20 46 46 46 30 00 000 to hex FFF0.
30 14 -- 1430, the offset of the next line.
29 04 -- 0429 hexadecimal, 1065, the current line number.
82 -- FOR
20 -- <space>
4F 46 46 53 45 54 -- OFFSET
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
11 -- the tokenised integer constant 0
20 -- <space>
CC -- TO
20 -- <space>
1D 00 F0 7F 90 -- the 4-byte floating-point constant 907FF000 --
(Exponent = 16, sign = +, Mantissa = .FFF000
(remember the implied leading 1 bit?) so the value
is FFF0.000 hexadecimal, 65520 decimal, or
1111111111110000.000000000000 binary)
20 -- <space>
CF -- STEP
20 -- <space>
0F 10 -- the one-byte integer 16 decimal
20 -- <space>
3A 8F D9 -- ' tokenised as ":REM'"
20 -- <space>
68 65 ... 46 30 -- hex 0000 to hex FFF0
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1065 FOR OFFSET = 0 TO 65520 STEP 16 ' hex 0000 to hex FFF0
1430: 49 14 2E 04 20 20 20 41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 49 I... ASCIISTRI
1440: 4E 47 24 20 E7 20 22 22 00 NG$ . "".].3.
49 14 -- 1449, the offset of the next line.
2E 04 -- 042E hexadecimal, 1070, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 -- ASCIISTRING$
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
22 22 -- ""
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1070 ASCIISTRING$ = ""
1070 ASCIISTRING$ = ""
1449: 5D 14 33 04 20 20 20 NG$ . "".].3.
1450: 82 20 49 20 E7 20 11 20 CC 20 0F 0F 00 . I . . . ...~.8
5D 14 -- 145D, the offset of the next line.
33 04 -- 0433 hexadecimal, 1075, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
82 -- FOR
20 -- <space>
49 -- I
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
11 -- the tokenised integer constant 0
20 -- <space>
CC -- TO
0F 0F -- the one-byte integer 15 decimal
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1075 FOR I = 0 TO 15
145D: 7E 14 38 . I . . . ...~.8
1460: 04 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 54 45 25 20 E7 20 FF . BYTE% . .
1470: 97 28 4F 46 46 53 45 54 20 E9 20 49 29 00 .(OFFSET . I)...
7E 14 -- 147E, the offset of the next line.
38 04 -- 0438 hexadecimal, 1080, the current line number.
20 20 20 20 20 20 -- six <spaces>
42 59 54 45 25 -- BYTE%
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
FF 97 -- PEEK
28 4F 46 46 53 45 54 -- (OFFSET
20 -- <space>
E9 -- +
20 -- <space>
49 29 -- I)
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1080 BYTE% = PEEK(OFFSET + I)
147E: A2 14 .(OFFSET . I)...
1480: 3D 04 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 59 54 45 24 5B 49 5D =. BYTE$[I]
1490: 20 E7 20 48 42 59 54 45 53 24 5B 42 59 54 45 25 . HBYTES$[BYTE%
14A0: 5D 00 ]...B. . BY
A2 14 -- 14A2, the offset of the next line.
3D 04 -- 043D hexadecimal, 1085, the current line number.
20 20 20 20 20 20 -- six <spaces>
42 59 54 45 24 5B 49 5D -- BYTE$[I]
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
48 42 59 54 45 53 24 5B 42 59 54 45 25 5D -- HBYTES$[BYTE%]
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1085 BYTE$[I] = HBYTES$[BYTE%]
14A2: 15 15 42 04 20 20 20 20 20 20 8B 20 42 59 ]...B. . BY
14B0: 54 45 25 20 E8 20 0F 20 20 EF 20 42 59 54 45 25 TE% . . . BYTE%
14C0: 20 E6 20 0F 7E 20 CD 20 41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 . .~ . ASCIISTR
14D0: 49 4E 47 24 20 E7 20 41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 49 ING$ . ASCIISTRI
14E0: 4E 47 24 20 E9 20 22 2E 22 20 3A A1 20 41 53 43 NG$ . "." :. ASC
14F0: 49 49 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 20 E7 20 41 53 43 49 IISTRING$ . ASCI
1500: 49 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 20 E9 20 FF 96 28 42 59 ISTRING$ . ..(BY
1510: 54 45 25 29 00 TE%). .G. . I.
15 15 -- 1515, the offset of the next line.
42 04 -- 0442 hexadecimal, 1090, the current line number.
20 20 20 20 20 20 -- six <spaces>
8B -- IF
20 -- <space>
42 59 54 45 25 -- BYTE%
20 -- <space>
E8 -- <
20 -- <space>
0F 20 -- the one-byte integer 32 decimal
20 -- <space>
EF -- OR
20 -- <space>
42 59 54 45 25 -- BYTE%
20 -- <space>
E6 -- >
20 -- <space>
0F 7E -- the one-byte integer 126 decimal
20 -- <space>
CD -- THEN
20 -- <space>
41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 -- ASCIISTRING$
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 -- ASCIISTRING$
20 -- <space>
E9 -- +
20 -- <space>
22 2E 22 -- "."
20 -- <space>
3A A1 -- ELSE tokenised as ":ELSE"
20 -- <space>
41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 -- ASCIISTRING$
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 -- ASCIISTRING$
20 -- <space>
E9 -- +
20 -- <space>
FF 96 -- CHR$
28 42 59 54 45 25 29 -- (BYTE%)
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1090 IF BYTE% < 32 OR BYTE% > 126 THEN ASCIISTRING$ = ASCIISTRING$ + "." ELSE ASCIISTRING$ = ASCIISTRING$ + CHR$(BYTE%)
1515: 20 15 47 04 20 20 20 83 20 49 00 TE%). .G. . I.
20 15 -- 1520, the offset of the next line.
47 04 -- 0447 hexadecimal, 1095, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
83 -- NEXT
20 -- <space>
49 -- I
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1095 NEXT I
1520: 51 15 4C 04 20 20 20 4F 46 46 53 45 54 24 20 E7 Q.L. OFFSET$ .
1530: 20 FF 82 28 22 30 30 30 22 20 E9 20 FF 9A 28 4F ..("000" . ..(O
1540: 46 46 53 45 54 29 2C 15 29 20 E9 20 22 3A 20 22 FFSET),.) . ": "
1550: 00 .g.Q. .# ., OF
51 15 -- 1551, the offset of the next line.
4C 04 -- 044C hexadecimal, 1100, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
4F 46 46 53 45 54 24 -- OFFSET$
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
FF 82 -- RIGHT$
28 22 30 30 30 22 -- ("000"
20 -- <space>
E9 -- +
20 -- <space>
FF 9A -- HEX$
28 4F 46 46 53 45 54 29 2C -- (OFFSET),
15 -- the tokenised integer constant 4
29 -- )
20 -- <space>
E9 -- +
20 -- <space>
22 3A 20 22 -- ": "
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1100 OFFSET$ = RIGHT$("000" + HEX$(OFFSET),4) + ": "
1551: 67 15 51 04 20 20 20 91 23 20 12 2C 20 4F 46 .g.Q. .# ., OF
1560: 46 53 45 54 24 3B 00 FSET$;.y.R. .
67 15 -- 1567, the offset of the next line.
51 04 -- 0451 hexadecimal, 1105, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
91 -- PRINT
23 -- #
20 -- <space>
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
2C -- ,
20 -- <space>
4F 46 46 53 45 54 24 3B -- OFFSET$
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1105 PRINT# 1, OFFSET$
1567: 79 15 52 04 20 20 20 91 20 FSET$;.y.R. .
1570: 4F 46 46 53 45 54 24 3B 00 OFFSET$;...V.
79 15 -- 1579, the offset of the next line.
52 04 -- 0452 hexadecimal, 1106, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
91 -- PRINT
20 -- <space>
4F 46 46 53 45 54 24 3B -- OFFSET$
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1106 PRINT OFFSET$
1106 PRINT OFFSET$
1579: 8D 15 56 04 20 20 20 OFFSET$;...V.
1580: 82 20 49 20 E7 20 11 20 CC 20 0F 0F 00 . I . . . .....[
8D 15 -- 158D, the offset of the next line.
56 04 -- 0456 hexadecimal, 1110, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
82 -- FOR
20 -- <space>
49 -- I
20 -- <space>
E7 -- =
20 -- <space>
11 -- the tokenised integer constant 0
20 -- <space>
CC -- TO
0F 0F -- the one-byte integer 15 decimal
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1110 FOR I = 0 TO 15
158D: AB 15 5B . I . . . .....[
1590: 04 20 20 20 20 20 20 91 23 20 12 2C 20 42 59 54 . .# ., BYT
15A0: 45 24 5B 49 5D 3B 22 20 22 3B 00 E$[I];" ";...\.
AB 15 -- 15AB, the offset of the next line.
5B 04 -- 045B hexadecimal, 1115, the current line number.
20 20 20 20 20 20 -- six <spaces>
91 -- PRINT
23 -- #
20 -- <space>
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
2C -- ,
20 -- <space>
42 59 54 45 24 5B 49 5D 3B 22 20 22 3B -- BYTE$[I];" ";
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1115 PRINT# 1, BYTE$[I];" ";
15AB: C5 15 5C 04 20 E$[I];" ";...\.
15B0: 20 20 20 20 20 91 20 42 59 54 45 24 5B 49 5D 3B . BYTE$[I];
15C0: 22 20 22 3B 00 " ";...`. . I.
C5 15 -- 15C5, the offset of the next line.
5C 04 -- 045C hexadecimal, 1116, the current line number.
20 20 20 20 20 20 -- six <spaces>
91 -- PRINT
20 -- <space>
42 59 54 45 24 5B 49 5D 3B 22 20 22 3B -- BYTE$[I];" ";
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1115 PRINT BYTE$[I];" ";
15C5: D0 15 60 04 20 20 20 83 20 49 00 " ";...`. . I.
D0 15 -- 15D0, the offset of the next line.
60 04 -- 0460 hexadecimal, 1120, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
83 -- NEXT
20 -- <space>
49 -- I
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1120 NEXT I
15D0: EE 15 65 04 20 20 20 91 23 20 12 2C 20 22 20 22 ..e. .# ., " "
15E0: 3B 41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 00 ;ASCIISTRING$...
EE 15 -- 15EE, the offset of the next line.
65 04 -- 0465 hexadecimal, 1125, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
91 -- PRINT
23 -- #
20 -- <space>
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
2C -- ,
20 -- <space>
22 20 22 3B 41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 -- " ";ASCIISTRING$
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1125 PRINT# 1, " ";ASCIISTRING$
15EE: 08 16 ;ASCIISTRING$...
15F0: 66 04 20 20 20 91 20 22 20 22 3B 41 53 43 49 49 f. . " ";ASCII
1600: 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 00 STRING$...j.. OF
08 16 -- 1608, the offset of the next line.
66 04 -- 0466 hexadecimal, 1126, the current line number.
20 20 20 -- three <spaces>
91 -- PRINT
20 -- <space>
22 20 22 3B 41 53 43 49 49 53 54 52 49 4E 47 24 -- " ";ASCIISTRING$
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1126 PRINT " ";ASCIISTRING$
1608: 15 16 6A 04 83 20 4F 46 STRING$...j.. OF
1610: 46 53 45 54 00 FSET...o.. ..#.t
15 16 -- 1615, the offset of the next line.
6A 04 -- 046A hexadecimal, 1130, the current line number.
83 -- NEXT
20 -- <space>
4F 46 46 53 45 54 -- OFFSET
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1130 NEXT OFFSET
1615: 1D 16 6F 04 BB 20 12 00 FSET...o.. ..#.t
1D 16 -- 161D, the offset of the next line.
6F 04 -- 046F hexadecimal, 1135, the current line number.
BB -- CLOSE
20 -- <space>
12 -- the tokenised integer constant 1
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1135 CLOSE 1
161D: 23 16 74 FSET...o.. ..#.t
1620: 04 90 00 ...).y...J.~.:..
23 16 -- 1623, the offset of the next line.
74 04 -- 0474 hexadecimal, 1140, the current line number.
90 -- STOP
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1140 STOP
1623: 29 16 79 04 81 00 ...).y...J.~.:..
29 16 -- 1629, the offset of the next line.
79 04 -- 0479 hexadecimal, 1145, the current line number.
81 -- END
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1145 END
1629: 4A 16 7E 04 3A 8F D9 ...).y...J.~.:..
1630: 20 74 68 61 74 27 73 20 61 6C 6C 20 65 78 63 65 that's all exce
1640: 70 74 20 66 6F 72 2E 2E 2E 00 pt for....o.(#.
4A 16 -- 164A, the offset of the next line.
7E 04 -- 047E hexadecimal, 1150, the current line number.
3A 8F D9 -- ' tokenised as ":REM'"
20 -- <space>
74 68 ... 2E 2E -- that's all except for...
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
1150 ' that's all except for...
164A: 6F 16 28 23 89 20 pt for....o.(#.
1650: 0D FB 12 20 3A 8F D9 20 74 6F 20 6D 61 6B 65 20 ... :.. to make
1660: 61 20 6C 69 6E 65 20 70 6F 69 6E 74 65 72 00 a line pointer..
6F 16 -- 166F, the offset of the next line.
28 23 -- 2328 hexadecimal, 9000, the current line number.
89 -- GOTO
20 -- <space>
0D FB 12 -- a line-pointer to line 1015
20 -- <space>
3A 8F D9 -- ' tokenised as ":REM'"
20 -- <space>
74 6F ... 65 72 -- to make a line pointer
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
9000 GOTO 1015 ' to make a line pointer
166F: 99 a line pointer..
1670: 16 2D 23 89 20 0E 74 04 20 3A 8F D9 20 73 68 6F .-#. .t. :.. sho
1680: 75 6C 64 20 72 65 6D 61 69 6E 20 61 20 6C 69 6E uld remain a lin
1690: 65 20 6E 75 6D 62 65 72 00 e number....':..
99 16 -- 1699, the offset of the next line.
2D 23 -- 232D hexadecimal, 9005, the current line number.
89 -- GOTO
20 -- <space>
0E 74 04 -- line number 1140 (0474 hexadecimal)
20 -- <space>
3A 8F D9 -- ' tokenised as ":REM'"
20 -- <space>
73 68 ... 65 72 -- should remain a line number
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
9005 GOTO 1140 ' should remain a line number
1699: B6 16 06 27 3A 8F D9 e number....':..
16A0: 20 45 4E 44 20 4F 46 3A 20 64 65 6D 6F 74 65 73 END OF: demotes
16B0: 74 2E 6E 62 73 00 t.nbs...
B6 16 -- 16B6, the offset of the next line.
06 27 -- 2706 hexadecimal, 9990, the current line number.
3A 8F D9 -- ' tokenised as ":REM'"
20 -- <space>
45 4E ... 62 73 -- END OF: demotest.nbs
00 -- end-of-line
Program line:
9990 ' END OF: demotest.nbs
16B6: 00 00 t.nbs...
00 00 -- The end of the program.
The complete program:
1000 ' START OF: demotest.nbs
1005 ' while it is running.
1010 GOTO 9000 ' to execute the GOTO and force the line number to be a line pointer
1015 DIM BYTE$[16],HBYTES$[256]
1020 HEXCHARS$="0123456789ABCDEF"
1025 FOR I = 1 TO 16
1030 FOR J = 1 TO 16
1035 HBYTES$[16*(I-1)+J-1] = MID$(HEXCHARS$,I,1) + MID$(HEXCHARS$,J,1)
1040 NEXT J
1045 NEXT I
1050 OPEN "O",#1,"demodump.txt"
1055 DEF SEG
1060 'start the dumping
1065 FOR OFFSET = 0 TO 65520 STEP 16 ' hex 0000 to hex FFF0
1070 ASCIISTRING$ = ""
1075 FOR I = 0 TO 15
1080 BYTE% = PEEK(OFFSET + I)
1085 BYTE$[I] = HBYTES$[BYTE%]
1090 IF BYTE% < 32 OR BYTE% > 126 THEN ASCIISTRING$ = ASCIISTRING$ + "." ELSE ASCIISTRING$ = ASCIISTRING$ + CHR$(BYTE%)
1095 NEXT I
1100 OFFSET$ = RIGHT$("000" + HEX$(OFFSET),4) + ": "
1105 PRINT# 1, OFFSET$
1106 PRINT OFFSET$
1110 FOR I = 0 TO 15
1115 PRINT# 1, BYTE$[I];" ";
1115 PRINT BYTE$[I];" ";
1120 NEXT I
1125 PRINT# 1, " ";ASCIISTRING$
1126 PRINT " ";ASCIISTRING$
1130 NEXT OFFSET
1135 CLOSE 1
1140 STOP
1145 END
1150 ' that's all except for...
9000 GOTO 1015 ' to make a line pointer
9005 GOTO 1140 ' should remain a line number
9990 ' END OF: demotest.nbs