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"The first thing we noticed was that the stands were very distinctly
divided into native-like and invasive-like kinds: we counted 11 alien
and 7 native stands, and only 1 that we called ambiguous, though the
natives graded out into little whisps, and we doubtless missed some of
these which an observer on foot could have waypointed. The most striking
feature of this difference was the persistent green foliage of the
aliens, in contrast to the shriveled get-ready-for-winter brown of the
natives (one often sees that alien plants from NW Europe retain green
leaves far longer than native plants do).
"Those on NatureNS will remember that throughout Nova Scotia we were
perplexed by the intermediacy and confusing morphology of the majority
of the Phragmites stands we sampled there: at Tantramar there was no
ambiguity, and the natives didn't look much different from the ones we
see in Ontario".
Those of us in Ontario have seen how completely the invasive Phragmites
can take over wide areas, and really wish action could be taken in the
Maritimes before the task becomes impossible.
fred.
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-------- Forwarded Message --------
Subject: Catling & company on invasive Phragmites in the Maritimes (& Nfld)
Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2004 10:39:08 -0500
From: Frederick W. Schueler <bckcdb@istar.ca>
Organization: Bishops Mills Natural History Centre
To: NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA <NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA>
New Brunswickers,
I urge you to read the appended article (which has just come out in
BEN), very carefully, and to take action to suppress stands of the alien
race. All you need to do is to drive along the eastern shore of NB, and
then drive along the shore roads of New Jersey (solid alien Phragmites
as far as the eye can see), to envisage just what you don't want your
province to become. The Fundy shore is more different from New Jersey,
so the geomorphic comparison isn't so close, but solid stands of
Phragmites would be equally undesireable there.
fred.
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BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS No. 324, March 16, 2004
<aceska@victoria.tc.ca> Victoria, B.C.
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Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2
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STATUS OF THE ALIEN RACE OF COMMON REED (_PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS_)
IN THE CANADIAN MARITIME PROVINCES
From: Paul M. Catling*, Gisele Mitrow*, Lynn Black*, Susan
Carbyn**
* Agriculture and AgriFood Canada,
Environmental Health, Biodiversity,
Saunders Bldg., C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6
catlingp@agr.gc.ca
**Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Environmental Health, Biodiversity
32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5
An alien race of Common Reed (presumably the European _Phrag-
mites australis_ (Cav.) Trin. ssp. _australis_) has been rapidly
spreading along roadsides and invading and dominating wetlands
in parts of southern Ontario and Quebec since the early 1990s
(Schueler 2000a, b, Robichaud & Catling 2003, Catling et al.
2003). The invasion and domination of native plant communities
led to a substantial reduction in native biodiversity (e.g.
Catling et al. 2003, Lavoie et al. 2003). Very recently the
status of the alien race has been clarified in other parts of
Canada (e.g. Martin 2003, Schueler et al. 2003). However, in the
Canadian maritime provinces its status has been unclear until
recently when both field study and a database of herbarium
records was completed. The herbarium records database includes
data from all major herbarium collections in Canada (including
those of particular importance with regard to the maritimes such
as ACAD, CAN, DAO, MT, MTMG, NFLD, NSPM, UNB). The value of
herbarium specimens in understanding status and spread was
increased when a method of distinguishing the races using the
floral character of lower glume length (Robichaud & Catling
2003) made it possible to identify many herbarium specimens
lacking the distinctive lower stem characters. The alien in-
vasive race was distinguished from the native race by having
first glumes 4.1 mm long or less and lower stem internodes
yellow or brownish instead of reddish-purple (Robichaud & Ca-
tling 2003). A chemical method for distinguishing the races has
also recently become available (Saltonstall 2003). The following
notes, arranged by province, are derived from response to
several questions regarding the status of the alien race in the
maritime region.
NEWFOUNDLAND:
The only record is that of a specimen collected from Stephen-
ville Barachois by R. Day in 1991 (DAO). The native race has
apparently not been recorded in the province.
NEW BRUNSWICK:
Of the locations mapped by Hinds (2000, p. 606), only that
collected from 2 km S of Beaver Dam in Sunbury County by H. R.
Hinds in 1981 (MTMG, UNB) was referable to the introduced race.
A depauperate specimen from the salt marsh at St. Louis Cape in
Kent County collected by P. R. Roberts and B. Pugh in 1965 (UNB)
has a lower glumes approx. 4.0 mm long but lacks stem and was
not assigned to race. In 2003 the alien race was collected by P.
M. Catling at two locations on the Trans Canada highway at
Sackville (DAO). Here it occurred within 20 m of the paved edge
of the highway. From here it may spread into the adjacent
Tantramar Marshes and displace the native race of _P.
australis_, (which is presumably referable to ssp.
_berlandieri_, see Fernald 1932). Schueler (2000b, 2002) found
_Phragmites australis_ absent from sides of major roads in New
Brunswick (and Prince Edward Island) so that the occurrence in
the Sackville area along the major highway is almost certainly a
recent phenomenon. This conclusion is supported by the small
size of the clones present, i.e. only several m2.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND:
At the present time only the native race is known from Prince
Edward Island and it is considered rare in the province (Day &
Catling 1991). It was collected from the Dunk River estuary in
Bedeque by M. L. Fernald and H. St. John in 1914 (CAN, MT) and
later by D. Erskine and A. J. Smith in 1953 (DAO, MT). Plants
reported from Lennox Island (Day & Catling 1991) have not been
seen.
NOVA SCOTIA:
Most of the locations mapped for Nova Scotia (Roland & Smith
1969, Zinck 1998) represent the native race. The obvious excep-
tions are the specimens from Annapolis Royal and Bridgetown. The
alien race was first collected at Annapolis Royal in by J.
Macoun in 1910 (CAN), and subsequently by M. L. Fernald and B.
Long in 1921 (ACAD, CAN, MT), by H. E. Perry and M. V. Roscoe in
1928 (ACAD), by G. C. Warren in 1938 (ACAD), W. G. Dore in 1940
(DAO), F. Kinsman in 1949 (DAO), M. S. Brown in 1949 (NSPM), P.
Douglas in 1949 (NSPM), J. R. Jotchan in 1978 (ACAD), E. Specht
in 1979 (ACAD), P. M. Catling, S. Carbyn and J. Achenbach in
2003 (DAO). It is believed in Annapolis Royal that the alien
race was introduced with straw on trains carrying Elephants and
other circus animals in the early 1900s (J. Achenbach, pers.
comm.). It is locally called Elephant Grass. For many decades
the occurrence of this gigantic (to 4 m tall in one season)
grass in and around Annapolis Royal was recognized as a remark-
able occurrence. Interestingly the Common Reed growing around
Annapolis Royal was used to thatch a restored Acadian dwelling
in the same way that the Acadians used the native race. Prior to
the dyking which began around 1700, the native race may have
been much more abundant in the Fundy tidal marshes.
The alien race was also recorded relatively early at Bridgetown.
Here H. G. Perry and M. V. Roscoe made a collection in 1928
(ACAD, MTMG, NSPM). Despite the continuity of collections from
Annapolis Royal, there was a gap of 44 years until another
locality of the alien race was recorded, this being from South
Brookfield where it was collected by P. L. Comeau and J. M.
Stanley in 1972 (NSPM). There are several more recent collec-
tions; Big Pine Lake by M. Zinck and R. Ogilvie in 1992 (NSPM),
Sable River by R.E. and R.B. Newell in 1993 (ACAD), south side
of Annapolis River at Middleton by P.M. Catling in 2003 (DAO),
junction of Trans Canada Highway 104 at Highway 102 by P. M.
Catling (DAO), Highway 101 at Grand Pré by S. Carbyn in 2003
(DAO), 2 km W of Dodge Road overpass on Hwy 101 3 km W of exit
17 (Kingston/Greenwood) by S. Carbyn in 2003 (DAO),1 km W of
exit 16 Hwy 101(Aylesford exit) by S. Carbyn in 2003. All of
these are within 20 m of a paved road suggesting that vehicles
and roads are the means and pathway of invasion.
Conclusions
Although the alien race became established in the maritimes
almost 100 years ago, it appears to have spread only recently
and is apparently spreading by means of vehicle traffic on
roads. This parallels the situation elsewhere in eastern Canada
(Catling et al. 2003). Although the alien race is invading
agricultural land, including cornfields in southern Quebec, its
most serious impact to date has been the replacement of diverse
native vegetation in wetlands with significant loss of biodiver-
sity in general. Considering its impact on Atlantic coastal
marshes in the United States (e.g. Blossey 2002, Marks et al.
1994, Meyerson et al. 2000), marshes along the St. Lawrence
River (e.g. Lavoie et al. 2003) and wetlands in southern Ontario
(pers. ob.), it is considered a threat to the biodiversity of
the Bay of Fundy marshes. Since its spread into much of the
region is recent, there is an opportunity for regional control,
especially around major brackish marshes. For example, invasion
of the upper levels of the Tantramar Marshes, at the head of the
Bay of Fundy, may be prevented by eliminating patches invading
along the Trans Canada highway (hwy 104), and monitoring the
adjacent marshlands.
Acknowlegements
Jef Achenbach of Annapolis Royal assisted with field work in the
Annapolis valley region. The development of a database was
supported by the Federal Biodiversity Information Partnership.
References
Blossey, B. 2002. Replacement of native North American _Phrag-
mites australis_ by introduced invasive genotypes. _Botanical
Electronic News_ 284: 1-3.
http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben284.html
Catling, P. M., F. W. Schueler, L. Robichaud and B. Blossey.
2003. More on _Phragmites_ - native and introduced races.
_Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin_ 36(1): 4 - 7.
Erskine, D. S. 1985. _The plants of Prince Edward Island_.
Research Branch, Agriculture Canada publication 1798 (publi-
cation 1088, 1960, reprinted). 272 p.
Fernald, M. L. 1932. _Phragmites communis_ Trin. var. _berlan-
dieri_ (Fournier) comb. nov. _Rhodora_ 34: 211-212.
Hinds, H. R. 2000. _Flora of New Brunswick_. 2nd edition.
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick. 695
p.
Lavoie, C., M. Jean, F. Delisle and G. Letourneau. 2003. Exotic
plant species of the St. Lawrence River wetlands: a spatial
and historical analysis. _Journal of Biogeography_ 30: 537-
549.
Marks, M., B. Lapin and J. Randall. 1994. _Phragmites australis_
(_P. communis_): Threats, management, and monitoring.
_Natural Areas Journal_ 14: 285-294.
Martin, M. 2003. Common Reed (_Phragmites australis_) in the
Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada. _Botanical
Electronic News_ 318: 1.
http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben318.html
Meyerson, L. A., K. Saltonstall, L. Windham, E. Kiviat, and S.
Findlay. 2000. A comparison of _Phragmites australis_ in
freshwater and brackish marsh environments in North America.
_Wetlands Ecology and Management_ 8: 89-103
Robichaud, L. and P. M. Catling, 2003. Potential value of glume
length in differentiating native and alien races of Common
Reed, _Phragmites australis_. _Botanical Electronic News_
310: 1-3.
http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben310.html
Roland, A.E. and E.C. Smith. 1969. _The flora of Nova Scotia_.
Nova Scotia Museum. Reprinted from _Proceedings of the Nova
Scotian Institute of Science_, 26: 1-238, 277-743.
Saltonstall, K. 2003. A rapid method for identifying the origin
of North American Phragmites populations using RFLP analysis.
Wetlands 23(4): 1043-1047.
Schueler, F. W. 2000a. Monster Grass an Invasive or Native. _SER
Ontario News (Newsletter of the Ontario Chapter of the
Society for Ecological Restoration_) 6(1), Spring 2000. 2 p.
www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf
Schueler, F. W. 2000b. GPS Surveys for _Phragmites_ and other
invasives. _SER Ontario News (Newsletter of the Ontario
Chapter of the Society for Ecological Restoration_) 6(1),
Spring 2000. 2pp. www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf
Schueler, F. W. 2002. Distribution of roadside _Phragmites_ in
Canada. _Phragmites australis_: A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing?
_Technical Forum 6-9 January 2002, Vineland New Jersey_,
abstract pp 27-28.
Schueler, F. W., A. Karstad and J. H. Schueler. 2003. Non-native
_Phragmites communis_ in British Columbia. _Botanical
Electronic News_ 315: 1
http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben315.html
Zinck, M. 1998. _Roland's flora of Nova Scotia_. Nimbus Pub-
lishing and Nova Scotia Musem. Halifax. 2 vol. 1296 p.
--
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Frederick W. Schueler & Aleta Karstad
Fragile Inheritance Natural History
Mudpuppy Night in Oxford Mills - https://www.facebook.com/MudpuppyNight/
'Daily' Paintings - http://karstaddailypaintings.blogspot.com/
4 St-Lawrence Street Bishops Mills, RR#2 Oxford Station, Ontario K0G 1T0
on the Smiths Falls Limestone Plain 44.87156° N 75.70095° W
(613)258-3107 <bckcdb at istar.ca> http://pinicola.ca/
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work -
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