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<div>
=EF=BB=BF David,
<br/>  I was thinking of average windstorms, not exceptional events=
such as Hurricane Juan. ( off topic: Interestingly, in Halifax's Point=
Pleasant Park in many areas of the park the only trees that remained stand=
ing after Juan were dead snags, whereas neighbouring trees, with their need=
les and leaves out, were toppled or broken.)
</div>=20
<div>
  Wind damage to trees along the edges of closed-canopy forests, or=
to small clumps of trees preserved in the middle of clearcuts, is a&#=
160;real management problem. Only yesterday I hiked along a logging road ne=
ar Moser River (HRM), and was quite impressed by the number of fallen or se=
verely bent young trees along the road, whereas deeper in the forest the tr=
ees seemed to be much more resilient. In this case the culprit was last Fri=
day's heavy freezing snow, but perhaps not so much the wind.
</div>=20
<div>
   Dusan Soudek
</div>=20
<div>
 
</div>=20
<div>
 
</div>=20
<blockquote style=3D"padding-left: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-left-co=
lor: blue; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; position: rela=
tive;" type=3D"cite">
On February 8, 2016 at 11:06 AM David & Alison Webster <dwebster=
@glinx.com> wrote:
<br/>
<br/>=20
<div>
Hi Dusan,
</div>=20
<div>
    Yes and no. A sufficiently high wind can mow a swath=
through undisturbed forest. And counting Dec 13, 2010 (ignoring Juan becau=
se it was local) we have had two high winds recently; one even in May,=
2013 (?). And many winds which finish the job or start fresh ones.
</div>=20
<div>
    The Kentville ravine is a good example; the 2010=
0;wind felled a significant area of Hemlock/hardwood. In my woods more Popl=
ar went over than 5 households could use both as 'scattered' trees&=
#160;of up to 6 in one domino and two areas (~1 acre & 2 acres) where n=
early every tree went down. Most large Spruce which survived 2010 were=
taken in 2013.
</div>=20
<div>
   
</div>=20
<div>
    I think we are in a new era of damaging winds. Note =
that Juan took large trees and spared medium trees. With regard to canopy p=
rotection this no doubt helps but if trees grow with space they are better =
anchored than trees which grow crowded.
</div>=20
<div>
Yt, DW
</div>=20
<blockquote style=3D"padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 5px; margin-right=
: 0px; margin-left: 5px; border-left-color: #000000; border-left-width: 2px=
; border-left-style: solid;">=20
<div style=3D"font: 10pt/normal arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-str=
etch: normal;">
----- Original Message -----
</div>=20
<div style=3D"background: #e4e4e4; font: 10pt/normal arial; font-size-a=
djust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-color: black;">
<strong>From:</strong>=20
Dusan Soudek
</div>=20
<div style=3D"font: 10pt/normal arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-str=
etch: normal;">
<strong>To:</strong>=20
naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
</div>=20
<div style=3D"font: 10pt/normal arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-str=
etch: normal;">
<strong>Sent:</strong> Monday, February 08, 2016 9:28 AM
</div>=20
<div style=3D"font: 10pt/normal arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-str=
etch: normal;">
<strong>Subject:</strong> Re: [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or w=
ould we rather a car with the same two trees?
</div>=20
<div>
 
</div>=20
<div>
=EF=BB=BF    To Donna, David, et al;
</div>=20
<div>
one of the obvious way trees in a forest cooperate is protection =
against strong winds. A solitary tree is unlikely to withstand windstorms, =
a forest with an intact canopy usually does. But, on the other hand, t=
here is brutal competition for sunlight in a forest. Taller trees inhibit&#=
160;the growth of smaller trees, often their conspecifics and even their ow=
n descendants. Of the millions and millions of seeds a mature tree will pro=
duce over its lifetime, on the average only one will reach maturity...
</div>=20
<div>
   Dusan Soudek
</div>=20
<div>
 
</div>=20
<div>
 
</div>=20
<blockquote style=3D"padding-left: 10px; margin-left: 0px; border-left-=
color: blue; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; position: re=
lative;" type=3D"cite">
<!-- [if gte mso 9]> -->
<!-- <![endif] -->
<!-- [if gte mso 9]> -->
<!-- <![endif] -->On February 8, 2016 at 8:21 AM David & Alison We=
bster <dwebster@glinx.com> wrote:=20
<br/>
<br/>=20
<div>
Hi Donna & All,          =
                =
;              Feb 8, 201=
6
</div>=20
<div>
    The book, The Hidden Life of Trees, should be=
interesting reading.
</div>=20
<div>
 
</div>=20
<div>
    But there is nothing mysterious about=20
<span style=3D"font-family: Calibri;">"...for reasons unknown, ke=
ep the ancient stumps of long-felled companions alive for centuries by feed=
ing them a sugar solution through their roots.=E2=80=9D </span>This is root=
grafting practiced by Spruce sometimes, Hemlock always, Fir sometimes =
;and Norway Maple.=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: '=
;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"></span> </p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: '=
;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"><span style=3D"font-f=
amily: Arial; font-size: medium;">    Root graftin=
g is I suspect a reflection of somewhat hostile soil conditions and/or perh=
aps 'permanent woodland' such that extension roots tend to follow o=
ld root channels as opposed to </span> <span style=3D"font-family: Ari=
al; font-size: medium;">making a new one. When a root cap of tree A meets o=
ne of tree B they sometimes (always ?) unite and form a 2-way link. </span>=
</span></p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: '=
;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">    <s=
pan style=3D"font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Decades ago I came acr=
oss a great example of this at Dean Chapter Lake. The roots of the Spruce f=
orest which had been killed by raising the water level for hydro were mostl=
y intact but exposed by wash. Every Spruce I saw was attached to two or mor=
e Spruce by grafting.</span></span></p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: '=
;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"></span> </p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: '=
;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"><span style=3D"font-f=
amily: Arial; font-size: medium;">Yt, Dave Webster, Kentville</span></span>=
</p>=20
</div>=20
<blockquote style=3D"padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 5px; margin-rig=
ht: 0px; margin-left: 5px; border-left-color: #000000; border-left-width: 2=
px; border-left-style: solid;">=20
<div style=3D"font: 10pt/normal arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-s=
tretch: normal;">
----- Original Message -----
</div>=20
<div style=3D"background: #e4e4e4; font: 10pt/normal arial; font-size=
-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-color: black;">
<strong>From:</strong>=20
Donna Crossland
</div>=20
<div style=3D"font: 10pt/normal arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-s=
tretch: normal;">
<strong>To:</strong>=20
<a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</=
a>
</div>=20
<div style=3D"font: 10pt/normal arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-s=
tretch: normal;">
<strong>Sent:</strong> Sunday, February 07, 2016 9:11 PM
</div>=20
<div style=3D"font: 10pt/normal arial; font-size-adjust: none; font-s=
tretch: normal;">
<strong>Subject:</strong> [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or wou=
ld we rather a car with the same two trees?
</div>=20
<div>
 
</div>=20
<div class=3D"WordSection1">=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: =
9;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">This forest article =
was forwarded to me by Jon Percy.  Bob Bancroft has also circulated ar=
ound to some, but it is worth ensuring that everyone sees it.  </span>=
</p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: =
9;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"></span> </p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><a target=3D"_blank" href=3D"http://www.nytim=
es.com/2016/01/30/world/europe/german-forest-ranger-finds-that-trees-have-s=
ocial-networks-too.html?hp&action=3Dclick&pgtype=3DHomepage&clickSource=3Ds=
tory-heading&module=3Dsecond-column-region®ion=3Dtop-news&WT.nav=3Dtop-n=
ews&_r=3D0">http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/world/europe/german-forest-ra=
nger-finds-that-trees-have-social-networks-too.html?hp&action=3Dclick&#=
38;pgtype=3DHomepage&clickSource=3Dstory-heading&module=3Dsecond-co=
lumn-region&region=3Dtop-news&WT.nav=3Dtop-news&_r=3D0</a></p>=
=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: =
9;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"></span> </p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"background: white; color: blac=
k; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">T=
he parts I enjoyed-</span></p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"background: white; color: blac=
k; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"><=
/span> </p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span class=3D"apple-converted-space"><span s=
tyle=3D"background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Calibri',=
9;sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">=E2=80=9C </span></span><span sty=
le=3D"background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','=
sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">in nature, trees operate less like indiv=
iduals and more as communal beings. Working together in networks and sharin=
g resources, they increase their resistance.=E2=80=9D</span></p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"background: white; color: blac=
k; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"><=
/span> </p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"background: white; color: blac=
k; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">=
=E2=80=9CIn one forest, they said, when they wanted to buy a car, they cut =
two trees. For us, at the time, two trees would buy you a pizza.=E2=80=9D</=
span></p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"background: white; color: blac=
k; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"><=
/span> </p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"background: white; color: blac=
k; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">=
=E2=80=9C that trees in the forest are social beings. They can count, learn=
and remember; nurse sick neighbors; warn each other of danger by sending e=
lectrical signals across a fungal network known as the =E2=80=9CWood Wide W=
eb=E2=80=9D; and, for reasons unknown, keep the ancient stumps of long-fell=
ed companions alive for centuries by feeding them a sugar solution through =
their roots.=E2=80=9D</span></p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: =
9;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"></span> </p>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: =
9;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">This should be requi=
red reading for all personnel who =E2=80=98manage=E2=80=99 our forests.</sp=
an></p>=20
<div>=20
<div>=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: &=
#39;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"></span> </p>=
=20
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"color: black; font-family: &=
#39;Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">If we want folks t=
o relate to the forest on a more personal level, other than as a simple ent=
ity to mow down for relatively low profit, this way of describing our fores=
ts may be a good approach.</span></p>=20
</div>=20
</div>=20
</div>=20
<a></a>=20
<p align=3D"left">No virus found in this message.<br/>Checked by AVG =
- www.avg.com<br/>Version: 2016.0.7441 /=
Virus Database: 4522/11564 - Release Date: 02/05/16</p>=20
</blockquote>=20
</blockquote>=20
<div>
<br/> 
</div>=20
<a></a>=20
<p align=3D"left">No virus found in this message.<br/>Checked by AVG - =
www.avg.com<br/>Version: 2016.0.7441 / V=
irus Database: 4522/11564 - Release Date: 02/05/16</p>=20
</blockquote>=20
</blockquote>=20
<div>
<br/> 
</div>
=20
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