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Hi All,
Further to my comments of Mar 29 I now see that bird droppings are=20
indeed acidic; apparently pH 3-4.5 range. Uric acid solubility is very=20
low (0.00645 g/100 mL) so this acidity would infiltrate the underlying=20
soil slowly. Our annual ppt is about 100 cm (100 mL/cm^2) so=20
infiltration, after allowing for surface evaporation would be less than=20
0.006 g/cm^2. By the way, I was kidding about the taste test for bird=20
dropping acidity.
Acid ppt has not been in the foreground recently but, drawing on=20
memory, some events were below pH 4 and that is all available for=20
infiltration.
Yt, DW Kentville
------ Original Message ------
From: "David" <dwebster@glinx.com>
To: naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
Sent: 3/29/2018 8:20:21 PM
Subject: Re[4]: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues
>Thanks Lance,
> On the question of mechanisms I very much doubt that high acidity=20
>is a factor. Perhaps chicken droppings are quite different from=20
>Cormorant but, thinking back to chicken roosts indoors there was a=20
>strong odor of ammonia; thus basic. And further, many temperate trees=20
>are tolerant of highly acidic soils. If these droppings are indeed=20
>acidic then the droppings in question should should have a "sauerstoff"=20
>taste; like vinegar or sauerkraut.
> If cormorants prefer rocky nesting sites then that in itself could=20
>be a factor. If, for example, 90% of the potential rooting depth is=20
>rock or coarse sand (>2mm), then only 10% of the volume is available to=20
>hold water or nutrients so it would be vulnerable to dry weather and an=20
>increase in NH4NO3 deposition which would be harmless on a decent soil=20
>(90% <2mm) might lead to rank annual herbaceous growth (e.g. Atriplex)=20
>and high rates of water usage until dry.
> No doubt, as you say, the rate of deposition per unit area would be=
=20
>a key factor. But I continue to wonder what happens in areas free of=20
>winter kill potential.
>YT, DW, Kentville
>
>------ Original Message ------
>From: "Laviolette, Lance" <lance.laviolette@lmco.com>
>To: "naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" <naturens@chebucto.ns.ca>
>Sent: 3/29/2018 6:47:23 PM
>Subject: Re[3]: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues
>
>>Hi David,
>>
>>
>>
>>Heron colonies may persist for a long time in the same location.=20
>>Double-crested Cormorant colonies on the other hand quickly become=20
>>treeless environments. The nest densities of double-crested cormorant=20
>>colonies are much higher than that of great blue herons. It may be a=20
>>question of the volume of guano produced in relation to the surface=20
>>area the colony covers or perhaps double-crested cormorant guano is=20
>>more acidic.
>>
>>
>>
>>Double-crested Cormorants prefer rocky nesting sites so it would seem=20
>>there is an advantage for them to quickly change the vegetation=20
>>structure to that of their preferred type. They=E2=80=99ll nest in trees=
until=20
>>the habitat is more to their liking and then it=E2=80=99s ground nesting=
all=20
>>the way.
>>
>>
>>
>>Cheers,
>>
>>
>>
>>Lance
>>
>>
>>
>>From:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca=20
>>[mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca] On Behalf Of David
>>Sent: March 29, 2018 3:39 PM
>>To:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
>>Subject: EXTERNAL: Re[3]: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues
>>
>>
>>
>>Hi Again,
>>
>> My question was not about composition of guano but whether or not=
=20
>>it kills woody perennials (especially trees) in areas where hardening=20
>>off to avoid cold induced winter kill (largely dessication I think) is=20
>>not a consideration; tropical to warm temperate. In extreme cases=20
>>where the deposit rate is high and soil becomes buried I expect all=20
>>plant life is killed.
>>
>> I visited a "Crane colony" in NS many years ago and there were no=20
>>live and lots of dead hardwood trees but I don't recall any noticeable=20
>>accumulation of bird droppings on the litter.
>>
>>
>>
>>Yt, DW, Kentville
>>
>>
>>
>>------ Original Message ------
>>
>>From: "Laviolette, Lance" <lance.laviolette@lmco.com>
>>
>>To: "naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" <naturens@chebucto.ns.ca>
>>
>>Sent: 3/29/2018 4:00:57 PM
>>
>>Subject: Re[2]: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues
>>
>>
>>
>>>Hi David,
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>You are far more qualified than I am to understand the soil chemistry=20
>>>involved. Guano is uric acid so I=E2=80=99ll hypothesis that the acidic=
=20
>>>component damages the trees directly.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>Nick Hill might also be able to comment on the effect that gulls have=20
>>>had on plant community succession on Brier Island. I=E2=80=99d be intere=
sted=20
>>>to know if it is the soil chemistry of former colony locations=20
>>>suppresses shrub and tree growth or if there is active destruction of=20
>>>young growth by gulls.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>Cheers,
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>Lance
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>From:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca=20
>>>[mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca] On Behalf Of David
>>>Sent: March 29, 2018 1:45 PM
>>>To:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
>>>Subject: EXTERNAL: Re[2]: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>Hi Lance & All,
>>>
>>> I am guessing that tree death is due to winter kill of growth=20
>>>which, due to excess N, failed to harden off. But, does guano also=20
>>>kill woody perennials where winter kill is not possible (too warm) ?
>>>
>>>Yt, DW, Kentville
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>------ Original Message ------
>>>
>>>From: "Laviolette, Lance" <lance.laviolette@lmco.com>
>>>
>>>To: "naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" <naturens@chebucto.ns.ca>
>>>
>>>Sent: 3/29/2018 12:26:34 PM
>>>
>>>Subject: RE: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>>Hi Everyone,
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>That=E2=80=99s the usual cycle of Great Blue Heron and Double-creasted=
=20
>>>>Cormorant nesting on Nova Scotia Islands.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>Grass > Brambles> Shrubs > Trees > double-crested cormorants/great=20
>>>>blue herons > Trees > Shrubs/brambles > Grass
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>Guano is a great fertilizer, rich in nitrogen, phosphate and=20
>>>>potassium, but like any fertilizer, too much is not a good thing and=20
>>>>as everyone who has visited a cormorant or great blue heron colony=20
>>>>knows, they produce a lot of guano.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>The Great Blue Herons move to start the process on another treed=20
>>>>island once the trees are all killed and can no longer support a=20
>>>>nest structure (although I did come across Great Blue Herons nesting=20
>>>>on an island in a lake in Yarmouth County once).
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>The Grass stage is prolonged as long as gulls and/or the cormorants=20
>>>>start nesting on the ground. Common Eiders can be in the mix at=20
>>>>several stages.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>The Grass stage ends and plant succession begins when these ground=20
>>>>nesting species are forced to move off the island and erosion hasn=E2=
=80=99t=20
>>>>reduced the island to mostly bare rock.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>Cheers,
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>Lance
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>Lance Laviolette
>>>>
>>>>Glen Robertson, Ontario
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>From:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca=20
>>>>[mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca] On Behalf Of John and Nhung
>>>>Sent: March 29, 2018 10:36 AM
>>>>To:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
>>>>Subject: EXTERNAL: RE: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>Here=E2=80=99s s story from before your time, John K.!
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>Years ago, the island in mid-Yarmouth Harbour was well-treed. =20
>>>>Mighta been back in the =E2=80=9970=E2=80=99s that cormorants started t=
o get more=20
>>>>abundant and really liked that island. Lotsa bushes on the island=20
>>>>now; all the spruce trees died out.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>From:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca=20
>>>>[mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca] On Behalf Of Nick Hill
>>>>Sent: March 29, 2018 10:21 AM
>>>>To:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
>>>>Subject: Re: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>John, are double-crested cormorants becoming a disturbance and=20
>>>>habitat enrichment problem here in NS..similar in a way to herring=20
>>>>gulls?
>>>>
>>>>Nick
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>On Thu, Mar 29, 2018 at 10:02 AM, John Kearney=20
>>>><john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>Hi All,
>>>>Two Double-crested Cormorants and six Great Blue Herons arrived at=20
>>>>the Johns Island nesting colony in Yarmouth Harbour this morning.=20
>>>>There seemed to be more cormorants crouching in grass, perhaps=20
>>>>recovering from their journey. I couldn=E2=80=99t tell for sure.
>>>>None of these were there yesterday when I checked.
>>>>John
>>>>
>>>>Sent from my iPhone
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>--
>>>>
>>>>Dr. N.M.Hill
>>>>Fern Hill Institute of Plant Conservation
>>>>424 Bentley Road, Berwick, NS, B0P 1E0
>>>>
>>>>phone 902-698-0416
>>>>
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<body><div>Hi All,</div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Further to my comments of Mar 29 =
I now see that bird droppings are indeed acidic; apparently pH 3-4.5 range=
. Uric acid solubility is very low (0.00645 g/100 mL) so this acidity would =
infiltrate the underlying soil slowly. Our annual ppt is about 100 cm (100 =
mL/cm^2) so infiltration, after allowing for surface evaporation would be=
less than 0.006 g/cm^2. By the way, I was kidding about the taste test for=
bird dropping acidity.=C2=A0</div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Acid ppt has not been=
in the foreground recently but, drawing on memory, some events were below p=
H 4 and that is all available for infiltration.</div><div>Yt, DW Kentville<=
/div>
<div>=C2=A0</div>
<div>------ Original Message ------</div>
<div>From: "David" <<a href=3D"mailto:dwebster@glinx.com">dwebster@glinx=
.com</a>></div>
<div>To: <a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca=
</a></div>
<div>Sent: 3/29/2018 8:20:21 PM</div>
<div>Subject: Re[4]: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues</div><div><br />=
</div>
<div id=3D"xaa5a48ce3702473"><blockquote cite=3D"eme4cb8e57-391e-4dc4-bdff-=
4f0bddc540a5@desktop-9kvucdh" type=3D"cite" class=3D"cite2">
<div>Thanks Lance,</div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 On the question of mechanisms I=
very much doubt that high acidity is a factor. Perhaps chicken droppings ar=
e quite different from Cormorant but, thinking back to chicken roosts indoo=
rs there was a strong odor of ammonia; thus basic. And further, many temper=
ate trees are tolerant of highly acidic soils. If these droppings are indee=
d acidic then the droppings in question should should have a "sauerstoff" t=
aste; like vinegar or sauerkraut.</div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 If cormorants pre=
fer rocky nesting sites then that in itself could be a factor. If, for exam=
ple, 90% of the potential rooting depth is rock or coarse sand (>2mm), t=
hen only 10% of the volume is available to hold water or nutrients so it wo=
uld be vulnerable to dry weather and an increase in NH4NO3 deposition which =
would be harmless on a decent soil (90% <2mm) might lead to rank annual =
herbaceous growth (e.g. Atriplex) and high rates of water usage until dry.=
=C2=A0</div><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 No doubt, as you say, the rate of deposition =
per unit area would be a key factor. But I continue to wonder what happens =
in areas free of winter kill potential.</div><div>YT, DW, Kentville</div>
<div><br /></div>
<div>------ Original Message ------</div>
<div>From: "Laviolette, Lance" <<a href=3D"mailto:lance.laviolette@lmco.=
com">lance.laviolette@lmco.com</a>></div>
<div>To: "<a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.c=
a</a>" <<a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.=
ca</a>></div>
<div>Sent: 3/29/2018 6:47:23 PM</div>
<div>Subject: Re[3]: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues</div><div><br />=
</div>
<div id=3D"xf7738411bde6471"><blockquote cite=3D"990B3EE94E8A61448C998FEBAE=
AFC024232CF277@hcxdspm2.ca.lmco.com" type=3D"cite" class=3D"cite2">
<div class=3D"WordSection1">
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Hi David,<=
o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p xmlns=
:o=3D"#unknown">=C2=A0</o:p></span></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Heron colo=
nies may persist for a long time in the same location. Double-crested Cormo=
rant colonies on the other hand quickly become
treeless environments. The nest densities of double-crested cormorant colo=
nies are much higher than that of great blue herons. It may be a question o=
f the volume of guano produced in relation to the surface area the colony c=
overs or perhaps double-crested
cormorant guano is more acidic.<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p xmlns=
:o=3D"#unknown">=C2=A0</o:p></span></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Double-cre=
sted Cormorants prefer rocky nesting sites so it would seem there is an adv=
antage for them to quickly change the vegetation
structure to that of their preferred type. They=E2=80=99ll nest in trees u=
ntil the habitat is more to their liking and then it=E2=80=99s ground nesti=
ng all the way.<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p xmlns=
:o=3D"#unknown">=C2=A0</o:p></span></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Cheers,<o:=
p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p xmlns=
:o=3D"#unknown">=C2=A0</o:p></span></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Lance<o:p=
xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p xmlns=
:o=3D"#unknown">=C2=A0</o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style=3D"border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm=
0cm 0cm">
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;fo=
nt-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang=3D"EN-=
US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">=
<a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens-owner@chebucto.ns=
.ca</a> [mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens-o=
wner@chebucto.ns.ca</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>David<br />
<b>Sent:</b> March 29, 2018 3:39 PM<br />
<b>To:</b> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.=
ca</a><br />
<b>Subject:</b> EXTERNAL: Re[3]: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues<o:p=
xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown">=C2=A0</o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">Hi Again,<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">=C2=A0 =C2=A0 My question =C2=A0was not about composition of guano bu=
t whether or not it kills woody perennials (especially trees) in areas wher=
e hardening off to avoid cold induced winter kill (largely dessication
I think) is not a consideration; tropical to warm temperate. In extreme ca=
ses where the deposit rate is high and soil becomes buried I expect all pla=
nt life is killed.=C2=A0<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0I visited a "Crane colony" in NS many years a=
go and there were no live and lots of dead hardwood trees but I don't recal=
l any noticeable accumulation of bird droppings on the litter.=C2=A0<o:p xm=
lns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif"><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown">=C2=A0</o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">Yt, DW, Kentville<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif"><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown">=C2=A0</o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">------ Original Message ------<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span>=
</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">From: "Laviolette, Lance" <<a href=3D"mailto:lance.laviolette@lmco=
.com">lance.laviolette@lmco.com</a>><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></sp=
an></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">To: "<a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.=
ca</a>" <<a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns=
.ca</a>><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">Sent: 3/29/2018 4:00:57 PM<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">Subject: Re[2]: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues<o:p xmlns:o=3D"=
#unknown"></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif"><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown">=C2=A0</o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id=3D"xfd4c2bb445c549f">
<blockquote style=3D"border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0c=
m 0cm 0cm 8.0pt;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:2.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margi=
n-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Hi David,<=
/span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">You are fa=
r more qualified than I am to understand the soil chemistry involved. Guano =
is uric acid so I=E2=80=99ll hypothesis that the acidic
component damages the trees directly. </span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o=
:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Nick Hill=
might also be able to comment on the effect that gulls have had on plant co=
mmunity succession on Brier Island. I=E2=80=99d be interested
to know if it is the soil chemistry of former colony locations suppresses=
shrub and tree growth or if there is active destruction of young growth by=
gulls.</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Cheers,</s=
pan><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Lance</spa=
n><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<div>
<div style=3D"border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm=
0cm 0cm">
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;fo=
nt-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang=3D"EN-=
US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens-owner@chebucto.ns=
.ca</a> [mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens-o=
wner@chebucto.ns.ca</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>David<br />
<b>Sent:</b> March 29, 2018 1:45 PM<br />
<b>To:</b> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.=
ca</a><br />
<b>Subject:</b> EXTERNAL: Re[2]: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues</spa=
n><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">Hi Lance & All,</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">=C2=A0 =C2=A0 I am guessing that tree death is due to winter kill of=
growth which, due to excess N, failed to harden off. But, does guano also k=
ill woody perennials =C2=A0where winter kill is not possible
(too warm) ?</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">Yt, DW, Kentville=C2=A0</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">=C2=A0</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">------ Original Message ------</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p>=
</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">From: "Laviolette, Lance" <<a href=3D"mailto:lance.laviolette@lmco=
.com">lance.laviolette@lmco.com</a>></span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o=
:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">To: "<a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.=
ca</a>" <<a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns=
.ca</a>></span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">Sent: 3/29/2018 12:26:34 PM</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p=
>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">Subject: RE: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues</span><o:p xmlns:o=
=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:"Tahoma",sans-s=
erif">=C2=A0</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
<div id=3D"x2636aaa9cf7c40d">
<blockquote style=3D"border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0c=
m 0cm 0cm 8.0pt;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:2.25pt;margin-right:0cm;margi=
n-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Hi Everyon=
e,</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">That=E2=80=
=99s the usual cycle of Great Blue Heron and Double-creasted Cormorant nest=
ing on Nova Scotia Islands.</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Grass > =
Brambles> Shrubs > Trees > double-crested cormorants/great blue h=
erons > Trees > Shrubs/brambles > Grass</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unk=
nown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Guano is a =
great fertilizer, rich in nitrogen, phosphate and potassium, but like any=
fertilizer, too much is not a good thing and as
everyone who has visited a cormorant or great blue heron colony knows, the=
y produce a lot of guano.</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The Great=
Blue Herons move to start the process on another treed island once the tree=
s are all killed and can no longer support a nest
structure (although I did come across Great Blue Herons nesting on an isla=
nd in a lake in Yarmouth County once).
</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The Grass=
stage is prolonged as long as gulls and/or the cormorants start nesting on=
the ground. Common Eiders can be in the mix at
several stages. </span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The Grass=
stage ends and plant succession begins when these ground nesting species ar=
e forced to move off the island and erosion hasn=E2=80=99t
reduced the island to mostly bare rock.</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></=
o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Cheers,</s=
pan><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Lance</spa=
n><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">=C2=A0</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown=
"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ba=
skerville Old Face",serif;color:#1F497D">Lance Laviolette</span><o:p x=
mlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ba=
skerville Old Face",serif;color:#1F497D">Glen Robertson, Ontario</span=
><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">=C2=A0</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown=
"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">=C2=A0</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown=
"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">=C2=A0</sp=
an><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<div>
<div style=3D"border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm=
0cm 0cm">
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;fo=
nt-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang=3D"EN-=
US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens-owner@chebucto.ns=
.ca</a> [mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens-o=
wner@chebucto.ns.ca</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>John and Nhung<br />
<b>Sent:</b> March 29, 2018 10:36 AM<br />
<b>To:</b> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.=
ca</a><br />
<b>Subject:</b> EXTERNAL: RE: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues</span><=
o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Here=E2=80=99s s story from before yo=
ur time, John K.!=C2=A0
</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">=C2=A0</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown=
"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Years ago, the island in mid-Yarmouth =
Harbour was well-treed.=C2=A0 Mighta been back in the =E2=80=9970=E2=80=99=
s that cormorants started to get more abundant and really liked that
island.=C2=A0 Lotsa bushes on the island now; all the spruce trees died ou=
t.</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Ca=
libri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">=C2=A0</span><o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown=
"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;fo=
nt-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span lang=3D"EN-U=
S" style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">
<a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens-owner@chebucto.ns=
.ca</a> [<a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca">mailto:naturens-o=
wner@chebucto.ns.ca</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Nick Hill<br />
<b>Sent:</b> March 29, 2018 10:21 AM<br />
<b>To:</b> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.=
ca</a><br />
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [NatureNS] Cormorants and Great Blues</span><o:p xmlns:=
o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">John, are double-crested cormorants becoming a distu=
rbance and habitat enrichment problem here in NS..similar in a way to herri=
ng gulls?<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">Nick<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">On Thu, Mar 29, 2018 at 10:02 AM, John Kearney <<=
a href=3D"mailto:john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca">john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca=
</a>> wrote:<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">Hi All,<br />
Two Double-crested Cormorants and six Great Blue Herons arrived at the John=
s Island nesting colony in Yarmouth Harbour this morning. There seemed to b=
e more cormorants crouching in grass, perhaps recovering from their journey=
. I couldn=E2=80=99t tell for sure.<br />
None of these were there yesterday when I checked.<br />
John<br />
<br />
Sent from my iPhone<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal"><br />
<br clear=3D"all" />
<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">-- <o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal">Dr. N.M.Hill<br />
Fern Hill Institute of Plant Conservation<br />
424 Bentley Road, Berwick, NS, B0P 1E0<br />
<br />
phone 902-698-0416<o:p xmlns:o=3D"#unknown"></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote></div>
</blockquote></div>
</body></html>
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